In the context of AI, attention refers to the ability of a model to focus on specific parts of the input data while processing it.
Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, is a powerful method for recognizing complex patterns in data using artificial neural networks (ANNs).
Once trained, machine learning algorithms can predict the properties of new antibody candidates, greatly speeding up the drug discovery process.
Generative AI models are a type of artificial intelligence that generate new data that resemble training data by understanding the underlying...
In a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) a generator creates fake data and a discriminator examines its inputs for authenticity.
Neural networks are a type of computer system inspired by the human brain designed to learn from information in a way similar to how we learn.
As biological research continues to evolve, so does the complexity of the data it generates, necessitating the need for robust support with...
A bioregistry software system is a digital catalog of biological entities such as genes, proteins, cells, and more. These entities are organized and...
Phages are viruses that infect bacteria. Helper phage plays a crucial role in certain laboratory techniques such as phage display.
Genetic libraries serve as valuable tools for understanding gene functions, studying genetic diseases, and developing new drugs.
Phage display is a powerful technique for the study of protein-protein interactions and the discovery of therapeutic antibodies.
White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a vital role in the immune system, defending us against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has revolutionized research by enabling amplification of specific DNA sequences from a complex mixture.
Successful development of nanobodies for the clinic requires a thorough understanding of their germline, CDRs, and potential development liabilities.
The CDR3 region of antibodies plays a particularly pivotal role in the immune system's ability to combat pathogens.
After a recombinant protein is produced, it often exists in a mixture with other cellular proteins and must be purified to isolate the protein of...
Protein engineering involves the modification of proteins to create new proteins that can serve specific functions, such as developing new...
Rational design uses detailed knowledge about the structure and function of a target molecule to create effective modulators.
Directed evolution, which mimics natural evolution in a lab setting, represents a significant breakthrough in protein engineering.
De novo protein design has taken a significant leap forward with the advent of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.
Antibiotic resistance is a serious and growing global health threat. It occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand antibiotics.
Bacteriophages play a crucial role in bacterial population dynamics, gene transfer, and the evolution of bacterial defenses.
Antibiotics are potent drugs designed to treat bacterial infections by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth.
At the heart of the influenza virus's ability to cause infection and spread is its polymerase, an enzyme complex that drives the replication of the...
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus and a key aspect of its virulence lies in its ability to enter human cells through interaction with the ACE2...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), often referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells...
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene (HTT).
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting dopamine-producing neurons in an area of the brain called substantia...
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia worldwide.
Drug resistance is a major challenge in cancer treament, whereby cancer cells evolve to withstand the effects of chemotherapy and other targeted...
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) prevents overactivation of the immune system and averts potential damage to the body's own cells.
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is a protein that plays a critical role in immune regulation, but can be co-opted by cancer cells to evade the immune...
Apoptosis is a fundamental biological process that plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and health of multicellular organisms.
Antibodies employ a variety of tactics to neutralize bacterial threats, ensuring our bodies remain healthy and functional.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are key players in the immune response, including by preventing viruses from entering cells.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border that separates the circulating blood from the brain's extracellular fluid.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a protein that has been recognized as a critical player in the development and progression of lung cancer.
Nanobody characteristics such as high stability, and specificity have led to their fusion with other proteins for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
Camelid antibodies exhibit unusual characteristics that provide a myriad of potential applications in research and therapeutics.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) plays a pivotal role in the discovery and development of therapeutic T cell receptors (TCRs).
The key to the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) lies in a specialized cell type known as a hybridoma.
To study gene expression or sequence RNA molecules using NGS, one first needs to construct a complementary DNA (cDNA) library.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genomics, enabling the high-throughput sequencing of entire genomes at unprecedented speed and...
Creating a cDNA library for next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a critical step in transcriptome studies.
B cells are responsible for generating antibodies that specifically recognize and neutralize pathogens.
Bulk B Cell analysis via NGS is a method used to explore the repertoire of B cell receptors (BCRs) in a sample that contains heterogeneous B cell...
By enabling high-throughput sequencing of entire B cell repertoires, NGS offers unprecedented insights into the diversity and dynamics of antibody...
A standard curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the concentration of a substance and its corresponding response.
The dynamic range is the range of concentrations over which a standard curve is linear and accurate measurements can be made.
The primary goal of serial dilution is to dilute a concentrated sample or substance to a point where it becomes practical to measure and analyze it...
In statistics, the correlation coefficient is used to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
Absorbance, or optical density, is a measure of the amount of light absorbed by a molecule, substance, or solution at a particular wavelength.
Fluorescence is a property of certain molecules that enables them to emit light following the absorption of energy from a light source.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a drug that is administered to the body is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated.
Brentuximab Vedotin works by targeting and binding to a protein known as CD30 on cancer cells.
Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is a combination of the chemotherapy drug called emtansine and the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab.
CD30 is expressed in some tumor cells, making it a potential target for cancer immunotherapy.
In normal cells, HER2 helps to regulate cell growth and division. However, in HER2-positive breast cancer, the cells produce too much of this protein.
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are therapeutic agents that consist of monoclonal antibodies that are linked to a small-molecule drug or a cytotoxic...
TNF inhibitors work by blocking the action of tumor necrosis factor, thereby reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms.
Interleukin-6, otherwise known as IL-6, is a cytokine that plays a key role in the inflammatory response of the body.
The immune system is responsible for defending the body against harmful microorganisms, foreign bodies, and dangerous substances.
Identification of the appropriate target is a major part of drug discovery and development, as it is the starting point for drug design and...
Therapeutic drug discovery is an interdisciplinary approach to the development of new medicines.
Checkpoint inhibitors are a form of immunotherapy used to treat cancer.